15.1 | Introduction | 3 |
15.1.1 | Vacuum equipment related important references | 3 |
15.1.2 | Vacuum Definition | 3 |
15.1.2.1 | Vacuum measurement | 4 |
15.1.2.2 | Industrial vacuum systems | 5 |
15.2 | Vacuum equipment terminology | 7 |
15.2.1 | Suction pressure | 7 |
15.2.2 | Discharge pressure | 8 |
15.2.3 | Capacity of the unit | 8 |
15.2.4 | Air leakage | 8 |
15.3 | Types of Vacuum producing equipment | 8 |
15.4 | Vacuum pump selection | 10 |
15.4.1 | Time required to reach maximum vacuum | 11 |
15.4.2 | Vacuum at high altitudes | 12 |
15.4.3 | Mechanical Vacuum Pumps | 12 |
15.4.3.1 | Gas Transfer Pumps | 14 |
15.4.3.2 | Entrapment (Capture) Vacuum Pump | 35 |
15.4.4 | Jet Pumps and Ejectors | 39 |
15.4.4.2 | Gas-Gas Ejectors | 42 |
15.4.4.3 | Liquid-Gas Ejectors | 42 |
15.4.4.4 | Ejectors for Mass Transfer | 43 |
15.4.4.5 | Steam Ejectors | 43 |
15.4.4.6 | Estimating the Number of Stages | 54 |
15.4.4.7 | Water Vapour Associated with NC Gases | 54 |
15.4.4.8 | Estimation of Steam Consumption of Jets | 55 |
15.4.4.9 | Estimation of Water Consumption of Jets | 55 |
15.4.4.10 | Capacity of Steam Jets for Evacuation | 57 |
15.5 | Air leakage in vacuum vessels | 60 |
15.5.1 | Estimation of air leakage during design stage | 61 |
15.6 | Ejector Efficiency | 70 |
15.6.1 | Staging Ejectors | 71 |
15.7.2 | Ejector Ratings | 72 |
15.7.3 | Effect of MW and Temperature | 75 |
15.7.4 | Discharge Pressure | 76 |
15.7.5 | Changes in Steam Flow | 76 |
15.7.6 | Multi-stage Ejector Design | 77 |
15.8 | Control | 77 |
15.9 | Writing the Specifications | 80 |
15.10 | Process specification sheet | 85 |
15.11 | Go-by P&ID and layout | 86 |
15.12 | Glossary | 88 |
15.13 | References | 90 |
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