Chapter 24: Special Process Items
| 24.0 | Introduction | 5 |
| 24.1 | Flame arresters | 5 |
| 24.1.1 | Master types | 8 |
| 24.1.2 | Flash back and flame arresters | 11 |
| 24.1.2.1 | Classification of flash back arresters | 11 |
| 24.1.2.2 | Causes of flash back | 11 |
| 24.1.2.3 | Reasons for using flame arresters | 12 |
| 24.1.2.4 | Flash back arrester placement | 12 |
| 24.1.2.5 | Working of a flash back arrester | 12 |
| 24.1.3 | Flammability | 13 |
| 24.1.4 | Flashback prevention methods | 16 |
| 24.1.5 | Locations of installations of flame arresters | 17 |
| 24.1.6 | Flashback interruption methods | 21 |
| 24.1.6.1 | Detonation arrester certification classes | 22 |
| 24.2 | Spray nozzles | 26 |
| 24.2.1 | Single fluid nozzle | 26 |
| 24.2.2 | Two Fluid nozzles | 29 |
| 24.2.3 | Rotary atomizers | 30 |
| 24.2.4 | Ultrasonic atomizer | 30 |
| 24.2.5 | Spray nozzles for pipeline applications | 31 |
| 24.2.6 | Spray nozzle performance factors | 32 |
| 24.2.6.1 | Nozzle wear | 33 |
| 24.2.7 | Material of construction | 33 |
| 24.3 | Insulation | 34 |
| 24.3.1 | Insulation selection | 34 |
| 24.3.2 | Insulation types | 34 |
| 24.3.3 | Common insulation types | 38 |
| 24.3.4 | Protective coatings and finishes | 42 |
| 24.3.5 | Heat loss calculation | 42 |
| 24.4 | Vortex breakers | 49 |
| 24.5 | Static mixers | 53 |
| 24.5.1 | Coefficient of variation | 54 |
| 24.5.2 | Benefits of static mixers | 55 |
| 24.5.3 | Principles of operation | 56 |
| 24.5.4 | Types and applications | 56 |
| 24.5.5 | Process data to be provided | 60 |
| 24.6 | Manual Valves | 62 |
| 24.6.1 | Types of valves | 63 |
| 24.6.1.1 | Gate valves | 66 |
| 24.6.1.2 | Globe valve | 71 |
| 24.6.1.2.1 | Globe valve body designs | 72 |
| 24.6.1.2.2 | Globe valve disks | 73 |
| 24.6.1.2.3 | Globe valve seats | 74 |
| 24.6.1.2.4 | Globe valve direction of flow | 74 |
| 24.6.1.3 | Ball valves | 74 |
| 24.6.1.3.1 | Ball valve stem design | 76 |
| 24.6.1.3.2 | Ball valve bonnet | 76 |
| 24.6.1.3.3 | Ball valve position | 76 |
| 24.6.1.4 | Plug valves | 76 |
| 24.6.1.4.1 | Plug port | 77 |
| 24.6.1.4.2 | Multiport plug valves | 77 |
| 24.6.1.4.3 | Plug valve disk | 78 |
| 24.6.1.4.4 | Manually operated valve location | 79 |
| 24.6.1.5 | Diaphragm valves | 79 |
| 24.6.1.5.1 | Diaphragm construction | 80 |
| 24.6.1.6 | Pinch valves | 81 |
| 24.6.1.6.1 | Pinch valve bodies | 81 |
| 24.6.1.7 | Butterfly valves | 82 |
| 24.6.1.7.1 | Butterfly valve seat construction | 82 |
| 24.6.1.7.2 | Butterfly valve body construction | 83 |
| 24.6.1.8 | Needle valve | 83 |
| 24.6.1.8.1 | Needle valve applications | 84 |
| 24.6.1.9 | Check valves | 84 |
| 24.6.1.9.1 | Special check valves | 89 |
| 24.6.2 | Materials of construction | 91 |
| 24.6.3 | Automatic Recycle valve | 93 |
| 24.6.4 | Air Release valves / combination valves | 96 |
| 24.6.4.1 | Air valves | 97 |
| 24.6.4.1.1 | Types of air valves | 98 |
| 24.6.4.2 | Special types of valves | 104 |
| 24.6.4.3 | Locations of air valves | 104 |
| 24.6.4.4 | Air valve sizing | 106 |
| 24.6.4.5 | Sizing of air /vacuum release valves | 106 |
| 24.6.4.6 | Process specification for ARVs | 111 |
| 24.7 | Liquid filtration | 117 |
| 24.7.1 | Types of filtration | 117 |
| 24.7.2 | Filter selection | 118 |
| 24.8 | Cartridge filters | 128 |
| 24.9 | Strainers | 135 |
| 24.9.1 | Strainers in pump suction | 135 |
| 24.9.2 | Basket type strainers | 136 |
| 24.9.3 | Strainer specification | 136 |
| 24.9.4 | Pressure drop calculation | 137 |
| 24.9.5 | Strainers in other service | 138 |
| 24.9.6 | Miscellaneous | 138 |
| 24.9.7 | Mesh size for basket type strainers | 138 |
| 24.9.8 | Pressure drop for basket strainers | 139 |
| 24.9.9 | Temporary strainers | 146 |
| 24.10 | Immersion heaters | 148 |
| 24.10.1 | Heater types | 149 |
| 24.10.2 | Selecting a heater | 151 |
| 24.11 | Separators inlet devices | 152 |
| 24.11.1 | Types | 152 |
| 24.11.2 | Selection of inlet cyclonic type device | 158 |
| 24.12 | API Separators | 161 |
| 24.12.1 | Stoke’s law | 163 |
| 24.12.2 | Rate of rise theory | 164 |
| 24.12.3 | API performance factors | 165 |
| 24.12.4 | API Separator design criteria | 165 |
| 24.13 | Tilted plate separators / Corrugated plate separators | 171 |
| 24.13.1 | Process description TPI system | 172 |
| 24.13.2 | Typical Removal rates | 173 |
| 24.14 | Hoses & Hose couplings | 175 |
| 24.14.1 | Definitions | 175 |
| 24.14.2 | Selection of type 1 hose | 175 |
| 24.14.3 | Selection of type 2 hose | 176 |
| 24.15 | Pressure Reduction and Desuperheating station (PRDS) | 177 |
| 24.15.1 | Sample calculation | 178 |
| 24.15.2 | Types | 179 |
| 24.15.3 | PRDS | 183 |
| 24.15.4 | Engineering Guidelines for PRDS | 184 |
| 24.16 | Restriction Orifices | 185 |
| 24.16.1 | Design procedure | 185 |
| 24.17 | Silencers (Noise Attenuation) | 188 |
| 24.17.1 | Definitions | 188 |
| 24.17.2 | Noise level requirements | 188 |
| 24.17.3 | Silencers for atmospheric vents | 189 |
| 24.17.4 | Silencer selection factors | 190 |
| 24.18 | Exhaust Heads | 191 |
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