32.1 | Introduction | 4 |
32.1.1 | Related references | 4 |
32.2 | Instrument & Control System – an Overview | 4 |
32.2.1 | Local Indicating Type Instruments | 4 |
32.2.2 | Remote Indicating Type Instruments | 4 |
32.2.3 | Instrument Control system | 6 |
32.2.4 | Control Room | 8 |
32.3 | Control Valves | 8 |
32.3.1 | Selection Criteria | 9 |
32.3.2 | Control Valve Sizing Criteria | 10 |
32.3.3 | Control Valve Data Sheet | 11 |
32.3.4 | Control Valve Selection Rules of Thumb | 12 |
32.4 | Process Instrumentation | 16 |
32.4.1 | Flow | 16 |
32.4.2 | Velocity Flowmeters | 22 |
32.4.3 | Inferential (differential pressure) | 25 |
32.4.4 | Positive Displacement Meters | 34 |
32.4.5 | Mass Flowmeters | 40 |
32.5 | Level Measurement | 47 |
32.5.1 | Level Sensor Selection | 48 |
32.5.2 | Types | 50 |
32.5.3 | Boiling & Cryogenic Fluids | 62 |
32.5.4 | Sludge, Foam, & Molten Metals | 63 |
32.6 | Temperature | 64 |
32.7 | Pressure Measurement Instrumentation | 68 |
32.8 | Specific Types of Control Systems | 70 |
32.8.1 | Process Controls | 70 |
32.8.1.1 | Flow Control | 70 |
32.8.1.2 | Level Control | 71 |
32.8.1.3 | Temperature Control | 71 |
32.8.1.4 | Pressure Controls | 74 |
32.9 | Alarm Systems | 74 |
32.9.1 | Direct Connected Alarms | 74 |
32.9.2 | Alarms from Transmitters | 76 |
32.9.3 | Alarms from DCS | 76 |
32.10 | Recording | 76 |
32.11 | Valves | 79 |
32.12 | Miscellaneous Systems, Loops and Hand Switching | 80 |
32.13 | Centrifugal Pump Control | 85 |
32.14 | Positive displacement pump control | 85 |
32.15 | Reciprocating Compressors Control Methods | 86 |
32.16 | Control Schemes for Screw Compressors | 88 |
32.17 | Control Schemes for Centrifugal Compressors | 88 |
32.18 | Distillation Column Control | 93 |
32.18.1 | Distillation Control Philosophy | 95 |
32.18.2 | Other possible disturbances | 98 |
32.19 | Column Control Fundamentals | 99 |
32.20 | The various types of distillation column control schemes | 101 |
32.20.1 | Atmospheric Column Control | 102 |
32.20.2 | Pressure Control | 102 |
32.20.3 | Temperature Control | 120 |
32.20.4 | Control of Column Top Composition | 124 |
32.20.5 | Feed Preheat Control | 126 |
32.20.6 | Reboiler and Steam Control to Column | 128 |
32.20.7 | Vapour Recompression | 130 |
32.20.8 | Distillation Column Control Examples | 131 |
32.21 | Constraint Control | 136 |
32.22 | Miscellaneous Controls | 137 |
32.23 | References | 138 |
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