2.0 | Introduction | 4 |
2.1 | Units of measurement | 4 |
2.1.1 | General | 4 |
2.1.2 | SI Terminology | 4 |
2.1.3 | Imperial Terminology | 5 |
2.1.4 | Stream Flowrates | 6 |
2.1.5 | Standard Conditions | 6 |
2.1.6 | Generic Site Considerations | 7 |
2.2 | Design Codes and Recommended Practices | 8 |
2.2.1 | List of Standards Organizations by Equipment Categories | 8 |
2.2.2 | List of Major Codes and Standards | 11 |
2.3 | Simulations and process design | 15 |
2.3.1 | Types of Simulations | 15 |
2.3.2 | Components of a Simulator | 18 |
2.3.3 | Simulation Programs | 18 |
2.3.4 | Basic Steps and Decisions for Simulation | 18 |
2.3.4.1 | The Basic Steps of a Simulation Study | 18 |
2.3.4.2 | Decisions for Simulating | 19 |
2.3.4.3 | Steps and Decisions for Conducting a Simulation Study | 20 |
2.3.4.4 | The phases of making a simulation file | 21 |
2.3.4.5 | Flow sheeting | 22 |
2.3.4.6 | Modelling Levels | 22 |
2.3.4.7 | Calculation steps | 23 |
2.3.5 | Recommended Property Packages and Methods | 24 |
2.3.5.1 | Oils and Hypotheticals | 25 |
2.3.5.2 | Feed Conditions and Product Specifications | 28 |
2.4 | Design conditions for equipment and piping | 30 |
2.4.1 | Design Pressure | 30 |
2.4.2 | Design Temperature | 31 |
2.4.3 | Design Margins | 33 |
2.4.4 | Manning Philosophy | 34 |
2.4.5 | Software utilized by Process Engineers | 35 |
2.5 | Fluid Property Calculation Methods | 35 |
2.5.1 | Characterization properties | 36 |
2.5.2 | Pure Substance Properties | 42 |
2.5.3 | Ideal gas properties | 45 |
2.5.4 | Bulk (PVT) properties of fluids | 48 |
2.5.5 | Transport properties | 51 |
2.5.6 | Phase Equilibrium Properties | 57 |
2.5.6.1 | Phase behavior and phase diagrams | 57 |
2.5.6.2 | PVT phase diagrams | 58 |
2.5.6.3 | Compositional phase diagrams | 60 |
2.5.6.4 | Fugacity and fugacity coefficient | 64 |
2.5.6.5 | Activity and activity coefficient | 65 |
2.5.6.6 | Vapor-liquid equilibrium calculation | 66 |
2.5.6.7 | Standard state fugacity | 67 |
2.5.6.8 | Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Computation Methods | 70 |
2.6 | Dimensionless Numbers used in Process Engineering | 73 |
2.7 | Thermodynamics | 81 |
2.7.1 | System models | 82 |
2.7.2 | Interactions of thermodynamic systems | 83 |
2.7.3 | Homogeneous and Heterogeneous system | 83 |
2.7.4 | Types of ThermodynamicSystems | 84 |
2.7.5 | Macroscopic System | 85 |
2.7.6 | States and Processes | 85 |
2.7.6.1 | Thermodynamic Equilibrium | 86 |
2.7.6.2 | Process | 87 |
2.7.6.3 | Extensive and Intensive Properties | 88 |
2.7.6.4 | Work and Heat | 88 |
2.7.7 | Reversible and Irreversible processes | 90 |
2.7.8 | Change of Phase | 92 |
2.7.8.1 | Saturation | 92 |
2.7.8.2 | Saturated and Subcooled Liquids | 92 |
2.7.8.3 | Quality | 93 |
2.7.8.4 | Moisture Content | 93 |
2.7.8.5 | Saturated and Superheated Vapors | 94 |
2.7.8.6 | Constant Pressure Heat Addition | 94 |
2.7.8.7 | Critical Point | 94 |
2.7.8.8 | Fusion | 95 |
2.7.8.9 | Sublimation | 95 |
2.7.8.10 | Triple Point | 95 |
2.7.8.11 | Condensation | 96 |
2.7.9 | Property Diagrams | 96 |
2.7.10 | Thermodynamic Definitions | 101 |
2.8 | Stoichiometry | 108 |
2.8.1 | Glossary in Stoichiometry | 116 |
2.9 | Reaction Chemistry and Reactors | 119 |
2.10 | Units Conversion in Process Engineering | 124 |
2.11 | References | 138 |
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